Bodybuilding and sports supplements: the facts

Millions of people take sports supplements hoping for a range of health benefits, from weight loss to muscle building. But some supplements are being sold illegally and can be very harmful.

Sports supplements have become increasingly popular among gym-goers. People who are interested in fitness and improving their physique may opt for supplements that can enhance their muscle growth when combined with exercise, such as weightlifting. They may also look for ways to control their appetite when they're trying to lose weight, as part of a bodybuilding diet.

There is a growing industry in sports nutrition supplements available on the high street and online. Illegal supplements, including some claiming to be "fat burning" or "slimming", have been linked to a small number of deaths. Despite being illegal to sell, there is evidence that these are still available to buy online, mainly from suppliers based outside the UK.

It's important to be aware that products sold from a website or supplier based outside the UK or Europe may not pass the same safety standards as those within Europe.

Building muscle through protein

Protein is an important part of our diet and is key to building and maintaining all types of body tissue, including muscle. It contains amino acids, the building blocks used for muscle growth.

Protein powders, available as shakes, bars and capsules, are one of the most popular muscle-building supplements.

They are legally available to buy over-the-counter as well as online. They are marketed as helping to promote your body's muscle growth, aid metabolism (helping with weight loss), help you reach peak physical performance, boost energy and fight the ageing process.

"Users may choose to take them before, during and after training to enhance performance and improve recovery, add them to meals to boost their protein or drink them between meals as a high-protein snack," says Azmina Govindji from the British Dietetic Association (BDA).

"But they could get the same benefits from introducing high-protein foods to their diet as snacks or adding them to their normal meals to enhance the protein content. Although protein shakes are convenient, not all of them are suitable to be used as a meal replacement, because they don't have all the vitamins and nutrients that a balanced meal would contain."

This means that bodybuilders who turn to protein supplements, instead of simply eating protein-rich foods, could be wasting their money.

There is also evidence that, in the long term, consuming too much protein can lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis and can also worsen existing kidney problems. The Department of Health advises adults to avoid consuming more than twice the recommended daily intake of protein (55.5g for men and 45g for women).

Protein-rich foods include:

• red meat, such as beef, lamb and pork
• poultry, such as chicken, duck and turkey
• eggs
• dairy, such as milk, yoghurt and cheese
• beans
• tofu

Find out more information about eating a healthy balanced diet.

Advice for gym-goers taking protein supplements

Rick Miller, clinical and sports dietitian from the BDA, has the following advice for gym-goers and bodybuilders who want to take protein supplements:

"A simple change in foods (such as Greek yoghurt in the morning with muesli and fruit, rather than plain breakfast cereal and milk) will help enhance the protein content of a meal. After you've taken this step, fill in the gaps with a reputable brand of protein supplement. Always read the label carefully, take the recommended serving size and don't be tempted to take far more than is necessary, as this is not supported by the current evidence.

"If you're unsure, ask your GP to refer you to a registered dietitian for advice. Protein supplements are not recommended for children due to the lack of research into long-term effects."

Chris Gibbons, a competitive powerlifter from Chesterfield, says there is a danger that people may mistakenly view supplements as a quick fix to achieve their goals.

"There is a tendency to think that there is a magic powder or supplement that will give you the physique of your dreams, but there is no substitute for hard work and commitment," he says.

"Building strength takes years, not weeks or months. It is an act of discipline and must be earned through commitment to hard training and a good diet."

For more on all kinds of dietary supplements, read the Behind the Headlines special report Supplements: Who needs them?

If you're worried or you have experienced side effects after taking any supplements, especially any that you have bought online, make an appointment to see your GP.

Illegal bodybuilding and sports supplements

UK drug regulator the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has warned people to be wary of buying illegal sports supplements, because they might contain dangerous ingredients that could cause kidney failure, seizures and heart problems.

An MHRA investigation found that 84 illegal products, such as energy and "muscle-gain" products, were being sold containing dangerous ingredients such as steroids, stimulants and hormones. Among products that were taken off the market was a steroid product called Celtic Dragon. This product left two men hospitalised with severe jaundice and liver damage.

David Carter, the MHRA's manager of the borderline medicines section, says: "People need to be aware that buying illegal sports supplements can seriously damage your health. The products may claim to boost your energy or muscle but they could contain unapproved ingredients that can cause kidney failure, heart problems or seizures."

Even legal, over-the-counter supplements can cause you harm. For example, if you are taking any medicines as well as the supplements, the supplements could stop the medicine from working properly. Always read the label and, if in doubt, talk to your pharmacist.

In addition, many health claims made about products, foods and medicines sold online are not proven.

Find out more in Avoid medicines scams.

Risks of steroid use

Although available with a doctor's prescription for a variety of clinical reasons, some steroids are misused when taken as performance-enhancing drugs. They are attractive because they are based on the male hormone testosterone and can therefore improve endurance and performance, and stimulate muscle growth.

"But they can also enhance aggression," warns Rick Miller, in reference to what is commonly called "roid rage".

"Other major effects of steroid use include increase in blood pressure, direct kidney and heart damage, liver damage, acne and sexual promiscuity," he says.

Weight loss drug DNP linked to deaths

One product being sold illegally but still available online, mainly from suppliers based outside the UK, is 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP). DNP is an industrial chemical that isn't fit for human consumption. It is highly toxic and causes significant side effects, and has led to at least three reported deaths.

DNP is thought to be particularly popular among bodybuilders, who are attracted to its promises of quick-fix rapid weight loss.

Other names for DNP, which comes in a pill or powder form, include:

• Dinosan
• Dnoc
• Solfo Black
• Nitrophen
• Aldifen
• Chemox

DNP is dangerous because it speeds up the metabolism too quickly. This can trigger harmful side effects, such as:

• restlessness
• flushed skin
• yellow skin
• headaches
• having an unusually fast heartbeat
• breathing too fast
• dizziness
• sweating a lot
• feeling very thirsty (dehydration)
• feeling sick (nausea)
• fever
• vomiting

Using DNP over a long period of time can lead to cataracts and peeling skin, and may cause damage to the heart and nervous system. Animal studies have suggested that DNP may also cause cancer and increase the risk of birth defects.

If you think you have taken DNP, you should seek medical advice immediately.

The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is working with the police and local authorities to prevent DNP being sold illegally to the public, particularly online.

However, many websites offering DNP for sale are based abroad, making this work harder. Some of these sites offer illegal products alongside legal weight-loss drugs, making it very difficult to tell the difference.

Get informed about dodgy diet pills sold online.

Find out how to speed up your metabolism safely.

20 painful health conditions

Here are 20 health conditions known to cause pain so disabling that they can prevent you performing daily tasks.

They're not ranked in any particular order.

• Shingles
• Cluster headaches
• Frozen shoulder
• Broken bones
• Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
• Heart attack
• Slipped disc
• Sickle cell disease
• Arthritis
• Migraine
• Sciatica
• Kidney stones
• Appendicitis
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Acute pancreatitis
• Gout
• Endometriosis
• Stomach ulcer
• Fibromyalgia
• Pain after surgery

Where does it hurt?

• Head
• Sinuses
• Ear (children)
• Tongue
• Teeth
• Neck
• Shoulder
• Arm
• Chest
• Breast
• Back
• Stomach
• Pelvis
• Bottom
• Knee
• Heel
• Foot

1. Shingles

Shingles typically appears as a rash or crop of blisters on one side of your body, often around the waistline.

The pain of shingles tends to be burning or tingling, and often affects only one side of your body. You may feel stabs of pain when someone simply brushes lightly against the affected skin or a breeze wafts over it.

Some people who have had shingles can develop a persistent pain called post-herpetic neuralgia.

Cluster headaches are excruciating attacks of pain on one side of the head, often felt around the eye.

They begin quickly and without warning. The pain is very severe, and is often described as a sharp, burning or piercing sensation.

People often feel restless and agitated during an attack because the pain is so intense, and they may react by rocking, pacing, or banging their head against the wall.

Read more about cluster headaches.

Find your local headache clinic.

This condition not only is extremely painful but also can last for several years if not properly treated.

In frozen shoulder, the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it's virtually impossible to carry out simple movements, such as raising your arm. Daily activities like taking off a T-shirt, lifting a kettle, putting on a coat or even combing your hair become an ordeal.

It's not clear what causes frozen shoulder, but it can happen after a shoulder or arm injury, and is more common in people with diabetes.

Read more about frozen shoulder.

A broken or cracked bone is known as a fracture. Common examples are a broken ankle, broken hip, broken arm or broken nose.

If the break is small, it's possible you might not feel any pain at all but, usually, a broken bone really hurts, especially when you try to move it. The pain is often described as feeling like a deep ache.

Broken bones can heal by themselves, but they may need to be lined up and fixed in position so they set properly. As a general rule, the older you are and the bigger the bone that's broken, the longer it will take to heal.

CRPS is a severe, long-lasting pain that can appear shortly after an injury, such as a fracture, burn or cut.

The burning pain of CRPS is continuous and intense, and often completely disproportionate to the severity of the original injury.

The pain is usually confined to the previously injured limb but can sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

The skin of the affected body part can become so sensitive that just a slight touch, bump or even a change in temperature can provoke intense pain.

Read more about CRPS.

If you have a heart attack, you usually get a pain in the centre of your chest – often described as a sensation of heaviness, tightness or squeezing – that can be so bad it causes you to collapse.

The pain can feel like really bad indigestion, and sometimes spreads to your jaw, neck, back, arms or stomach.

If you suspect that you or someone else is having a heart attack, call for emergency help immediately.

Find out more about heart attack and read 64-year-old Derek's real-life description of what it feels like to have a heart attack.

One of the most common causes of back pain is a slipped disc. It's often the result of a twisting or lifting injury. One of the discs in the spine ruptures, and the gel inside leaks out.

Most people with a slipped disc experience sudden and severe lower back pain. It's usually eased by lying down, and often made worse by moving your back, coughing or sneezing. A slipped disc can also cause leg pain.

Read more about slipped disc.

A sudden episode of pain, known as a pain crisis, is one of the most common and distressing symptoms of sickle cell disease.

The pain, which usually occurs in the bones and joints, can vary from mild to severe and last for up to seven days.

Some people may have an episode every few weeks, while others may have fewer than one a year.

Read more about sickle cell disease.

People with arthritis endure constant and often disabling joint pain, usually in the hips, knees, wrists or fingers. The pain can come on suddenly or over time, and is often linked with muscle aches and stiffness in the joints.

Various different types of arthritis – including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and lupus – can cause joint damage.

Read more about arthritis.

Find your local arthritis support services.

A migraine typically feels like an intense headache on one side of the head. The pain is usually a moderate or severe throbbing sensation that gets worse when you move and prevents you from carrying out normal activities.

In some cases, the pain can occur on both sides of your head, and may affect your face or neck.

Migraines can cause vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Sometimes, in cases of severe migraines, the best thing to do is find a dark, quiet place to lie down until the pain passes.

Find out more about migraine and read a true-life account of what it's like to have migraine.

Find your local migraine clinic.

11. Sciatica

Sciatica is the name given to an aching pain running down the leg. It's caused when the sciatic nerve – the longest nerve in the body, which stretches from your back to your feet – has been pinched or irritated by damage to the back.

Sciatica is different to general back pain. The pain of sciatica hardly affects your back at all – instead, it radiates out from your lower back, down the buttocks and into one or both of the legs, right down to the calf.

Read more about sciatica.

Passing a kidney stone can produce a sudden, sharp, cramping pain in your lower back or the side of your abdomen, or occasionally in your groin. The pain may last for minutes or hours, with pain-free intervals in between.

The pain often begins in the middle of the night and can be so severe that those who experience it may feel the need to go to A&E.

Most kidney stones are small enough to pass out in your urine, and the pain disappears once the stone has been passed.

Read more about kidney stones.

Appendicitis is a painful swelling of the appendix, a finger-like pouch attached to the gut wall. It's most common in children, who typically complain of pain in the middle of their tummy that comes and goes. The pain then shifts to the lower-right side of the tummy and gets worse.

Appendicitis is a medical emergency that usually needs an urgent operation to remove the appendix before it bursts.

Read more about appendicitis.

Watch this animation to learn about the causes and treatment of appendicitis.

14. Trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as Fothergill's disease, involves bouts of severe pain on one side of the face that comes and goes unpredictably in sudden attacks.

Some people say the pain feels like an electric shock shooting through the face, while others describe intense sensations of burning or stabbing.

Read more about trigeminal neuralgia.

Acute pancreatitis is the swelling of the pancreas, a banana-sized organ that's part of the digestive system. The most common symptom is severe abdominal pain that appears suddenly.

This dull aching pain often gets steadily worse and can travel along your back or below your left shoulder blade.

Eating or drinking, especially fatty foods, may also make you feel worse very quickly. Leaning forward or curling into a ball may help to relieve the pain, but lying flat on your back often increases it.

Read more about pancreatitis.

Gout is where swelling and severe pain develops in a joint, often the base of the big toe, to the point where moving or even touching the toe can be agony. It's one of the most painful forms of arthritis.

During an attack of gout, the joint starts to ache, before swelling up and becoming red, hot and extremely painful. Attacks can last between 1 and 10 days.

Read more about gout.

Endometriosis is the spread of womb cells outside the womb, mainly around the lower abdomen.

While some women with endometriosis have no symptoms at all, others have lots of pain, including pelvic pain, period pain, and pain during and after sex.

Michelle, a mum of two, describes life with endometriosis.

Read more about endometriosis.

An ulcer is a sore or hole that forms in the lining of the stomach. A stomach ulcer can cause a burning pain in the abdomen, often between meals.

An untreated ulcer can burn through the stomach wall, letting digestive juices and food leak into the abdominal cavity, causing disabling pain.

This is called a perforated ulcer and is a medical emergency that usually needs to be operated on immediately.

Read more about stomach ulcer.

20. Pain after surgery

Keep track of your medicines

Going into hospital? Changing GP? If so, it's a good idea to make a complete, up-to-date list of all the medicines you take. This will help make sure you carry on getting the right medicines for you.

Watch a video about getting your medicines right when you transfer between NHS services

When you change doctors, hospitals and other care providers, records that show all the medicines you take should move with you.

But sometimes this doesn't happen as it should. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society says between 30% and 70% of patients experience an medicines error when their care is transferred – for example, from a GP to a hospital, or between hospitals.

Getting the wrong medicines, or not getting all the medicines you have been prescribed, can be harmful.

Make a list of your medicines

You or your carer can help your health professionals keep track of your medicines by keeping a complete, up-to-date list of all the medicines you currently take. If you need help making a list, ask a doctor or health professional.

You can also download a form from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's website to help you make a medicines list.

This list can help you and health professionals keep track of your medicines. It's a good idea to take the list with you whenever you're away from home – when you go on holiday, for example. It will be useful for your health professionals if you are taken ill.

Keep all your medicines together in a safe place. Don't keep out-of-date medicines or medicines that you no longer need. Take them to a pharmacist to be disposed of safely.

Don't stop taking medicines you have been prescribed without talking to your GP or another healthcare professional first.

Medicines come with a patient information leaflet. This has information about how to use them safely and effectively. If you don't get an information leaflet with the medicine, ask for one.

If you have questions or concerns about your medicines, you can ask your GP for help. If you don't understand what they tell you, ask them to explain it again more simply.

Alternatively, you can ask your local pharmacist about your medicines. You can also ask them about a medicines use review. This is where the pharmacist goes through your medicines with you and discusses any problems or concerns you might have.

Find out more about how your pharmacy can help.

Medicines and hospital

If you're going into hospital, changing hospitals or leaving hospital, you can help ensure your medicines records go with you. This will mean you keep getting the medicines you need.

Take your medicines list into hospital

Before you go into hospital, make a complete, up-to-date list of your medicines. Take the list into hospital with you, and show it to your healthcare staff. If you have been asked to bring your medicines with you, make sure you include all the medicines you take.

Moving between hospitals with your medicines

If you move between hospitals, take your up-to-date medicines list with you. If possible, keep all your medicines together and in their original containers.

In hospital, a doctor, nurse or another healthcare professional should check your medicines within 24 hours of your arrival. Ask someone if this doesn't happen.

Leaving hospital with your medicines

When you leave hospital, ask for your medicines to be explained to you. This is particularly important if you have been prescribed new medicines.

Each of your medicines should come with a patient information leaflet. If you don't receive one, ask for it so you can refer to it later. Ask for written information on your medicines so you have a record you can refer to later.

Remember to add any new medicines to your medicines list. If you need help with this, ask hospital staff.

The next time you see your GP, check they know about any changes to your medicines. It can be helpful to take your medicines list with you to your appointment.

How to treat everyday ailments at home

Below are 10 of the most common minor ailments seen by GPs.

Find out the most effective ways to treat things like heartburn and a blocked nose at home, and save yourself a trip to the GP surgery.

Remember: you can also get advice from your local pharmacist for lots of health issues, including when to visit your GP. And there's no need for an appointment.

1. Back pain
2. Dermatitis
3. Heartburn and indigestion
4. Nasal congestion (blocked nose)
5. Constipation
6. Migraines
7. Coughs
8. Acne
9. Sprains and strains
10. Headaches

1. Back pain

Most cases of back pain can be treated with over-the-counter medicines and self care aids and techniques.

Self care tips:

• Take paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain relief. If taking ibuprofen, make sure you take it with food. Read the patient information leaflet before taking any medicine.
• Hot or cold compression packs, available from larger pharmacies, can also help with the pain.
• You can make your own cold compression pack by wrapping a bag of frozen food in a towel.
• Place a small firm cushion beneath your knees when you're sleeping on your side. Or use several firm pillows to prop up your knees when lying on your back.
• It's important to remain mobile by carrying on with your day-to-day activities, including work, as much as possible.
• Stay positive: studies show that if you keep positive, you're likely to make a quicker recovery.
• Take care when lifting objects.

If your back pain is no better after at least two weeks of self care or you develop other symptoms, your back pain gets worse or you need further advice, speak to your pharmacist or call NHS 111. They can tell you if you need to contact your GP.

See more information on back pain.

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2. Dermatitis

Dermatitis (inflamed skin) can be caused by an irritant or allergy.

Self care tips:

• Avoid scratching. Scratching may damage your skin and allow bacteria to get in, leading to infection. It may help to keep your nails short. You could also try rubbing the area with your fingers instead.
• Try to identify the irritant or allergen so you can avoid coming into contact with it again.
• Moisturising creams called emollients can help calm a mild flare-up of dermatitis. They're available from pharmacies and supermarkets. Unperfumed ones are better for dermatitis.
• Use a soap substitute, such as E45 or Diprobase, instead of soap.

If the rash doesn't clear up after using these self care techniques, speak to your pharmacist or see your GP.

For more information on dealing with dermatitis, check out our dermatitis and eczema pages.

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3. Heartburn and indigestion

Digestive complaints like heartburn, indigestion and bloating are very common. You can usually treat them with simple changes to your lifestyle and over-the-counter remedies.

Self care tips:

• For short-term relief, your pharmacist can recommend antacid medicines to neutralise stomach acid, or alginates to protect your food pipe (oesophagus) from acid.
• Lose weight – being overweight can contribute to heartburn.
• Stop or cut down smoking and/or alcohol.
• Have your last meal of the day at least three hours before going to bed.
• Try raising the head of your bed by a few inches – simply raising your head by using an extra pillow won't have the same beneficial effect.
• Make a note of any food or drink that seems to make your indigestion worse, and try to avoid them.

Mild tummy pain usually lasts two to four days. If the pain or bloating persists, see your GP.

Find more information in our section on heartburn, indigestion and digestive health.

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4. Blocked nose

In most cases, a blocked nose will clear within a few days without treatment once the body fights off the underlying infection.

If you've got a virus, such as a cold or flu, your GP can't offer you anything more than a pharmacist can provide. Antibiotics won't help.

Self care tips:

• Over-the-counter decongestant medicines can help relieve a blocked nose by reducing swollen blood vessels in your nose. Don't use decongestants for more than five to seven days at a time. Using them for any longer can make your symptoms worse.
• Inhaling steam from a bowl of hot – but not boiling – water may soften and loosen the build-up of mucus in your nose. You can add menthol crystals or eucalyptus oil to the water if you like.

If symptoms persist, speak to your pharmacist or see your GP.

See more on treating a blocked nose.

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5. Constipation

If you're constipated (can't poo), changing your diet may be all that's needed to ease it.

Self care tips:

• If your constipation is causing pain, take a painkiller, such as paracetamol.
• Add more fibre to your diet, such as fruit, vegetables, wholewheat pasta, wholemeal bread, seeds, nuts and oats. This can take anything from a few days up to four weeks to have an effect.
• If you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and get constipated, it's recommended that you increase the amount of soluble fibre you have. Foods that contain soluble fibre include oats, barley, bananas, apples, carrots, potatoes and golden linseeds.
• Make sure you're drinking enough water – see Water, drinks and your health.
• Regular exercise will reduce your risk of getting constipation.
• If diet and lifestyle changes don't help, try an over-the-counter laxative. Ask your pharmacist's advice and follow the instructions on the packet or leaflet carefully.

If over-the-counter laxatives don't ease your symptoms, see your GP.

Find more information on treating constipation.

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6. Migraines

A migraine is a headache that's strong enough to stop you from carrying on with daily life.

Self care tips:

• Watch your stress levels. Research shows that reducing stress can lower the frequency of migraine attacks by about a third – see a simple breathing exercise for stress.
• Avoid foods and drinks that may trigger a migraine, such as caffeine.
• Keep your blood sugar level steady by having regular healthy meals and snacks.
• Strenuous exercise can trigger migraines in some people, but regular exercise may help prevent them.
• Think about keeping a migraine diary, noting headaches, possible triggers, any over-the-counter or prescribed medicines you're taking for headaches and (for women) your menstrual cycle.
• Ask your pharmacist for advice. They may recommend over-the-counter painkillers. These are usually more effective if taken at the first signs of a migraine attack.
• Combination medicines, which contain painkillers and anti-sickness medicines for migraine, can be bought without a prescription. Always get your pharmacist's advice first.

If your migraines are severe, you may need stronger migraine-specific medicines that are only available on prescription from your GP.

Find more information on treating migraines.

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7. Coughs

Coughs are usually caused by viruses such as the common cold or flu. They usually clear up without treatment once your immune system has beaten the virus.

Antibiotics won't help with coughs caused by viruses.

Self care tips:

• Drink plenty of fluids – water is best.
• There's no evidence that over-the-counter cough mixtures work. You can make your own homemade cough mixture by mixing honey and lemon in hot water.
• Try sucking lozenges.
• Some over-the-counter medicines can help relieve cold or flu symptoms, such as a blocked nose, fever and headache. Ask your pharmacist for advice.
• If you smoke, try to stop smoking. See some tips on stopping smoking or get advice from your pharmacy team.

See your GP if you've had a cough for more than three weeks after a viral infection, or your cough is progressively getting worse.

Find more information on treating coughs.

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8. Acne

Acne is usually most noticeable on the face, but can also appear on the back, shoulders and buttocks.

Self care tips:

• Avoid picking or squeezing spots as this can lead to scarring.
• Use a mild face wash, which can be bought from a pharmacy, with lukewarm water. Don't wash more than twice a day and avoid too much scrubbing.
• Use make-up that is oil-free or water-based. Choose products that are labelled as non-comedogenic (shouldn't cause blackheads or whiteheads) or non-acnegenic (shouldn't cause acne).
• There's no evidence that certain foods, such as fried foods or chocolate, can cause or aggravate acne.
• There's no evidence that sunlight helps acne.
• Mild acne can be treated using gels or creams, such as benzoyl peroxide. Ask your pharmacist for advice.

If over-the-counter treatments don't help, treatments are available on prescription from your GP.

Find more information on treating acne.

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9. Sprains and strains

A sprain is when you injure a ligament in one of your joints, such as your wrist or ankle. A strain is caused by overstretching or tearing muscle fibres, usually in your back or legs.

Most mild to moderate sprains and strains can be treated at home using the PRICE technique.

Self care tips:

• PRICE stands for protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation. For information on applying PRICE, read sprains and strains: treatments.
• For the first 72 hours after a sprain or muscle strain, you should avoid heat (such as hot baths), alcohol, running (or any other kind of exercise) and massage.
• For sprains: Try to keep gently moving your sprained joint, unless the sprain is severe.
• For strains: Try not to use the affected muscle(s) too much for a few days.
• If you feel pain from a strain or sprain, take some paracetamol. If this doesn't help, speak to your pharmacist. Painkilling creams and gels are also available over the counter.

Most sprains and strains start to get better after about three to four days.

Get medical help straight away if your joint looks different from usual, is difficult or impossible to move, or you feel numbness or tingling.

Find more information on sprains and strains.

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10. Headaches

Most headaches aren't serious, and are usually relieved by medicines, relaxation techniques and lifestyle changes.

Self care tips:

• For pain relief, paracetamol usually works well to relieve a tension-type headache. It's best to take a full dose as soon as the headache starts. A second dose of paracetamol can be taken after four hours if necessary. No more than eight 500mg paracetamol tablets should be taken in one day.
• Anti-inflammatory painkillers, such as ibuprofen, can also help with headaches.
• Be aware that taking painkillers more than two or three times a week can actually cause headaches. Read more about painkiller headaches.
• Regular exercise and relaxation may help prevent tension headaches.

Most headaches will clear within a few hours. Contact your GP or call NHS 111 if your headache gets worse, if you get them more often, or you develop other symptoms, such as a stiff neck or sensitivity to light.

For more information, read about headache triggers and the different types of headache.

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Painkiller headaches

Painkillers are a good way to relieve headaches, but if you take them more than two or three times a week, they could become the cause of your headaches.

Find and read about your local pharmacy here.

Up to 1 in 10 people who have frequent headaches do so because they take painkillers too often, says Dr Fayyaz Ahmed, consultant neurologist at Hull Royal Infirmary.

“Around 5% of the patients in my headache clinic have what we call medication-overuse headaches, from taking painkillers regularly over a long period.

"This statistic is probably even higher in the general population, with 5-10% of people with headaches getting them from taking too many painkillers."

Painkiller headaches

Painkiller, or rebound, headaches are frequent or daily headaches that develop after taking painkillers for tension headaches or migraines over several months.

Strangely, painkiller headaches only become a problem for people who take painkillers to treat headaches. They don’t happen to people who take painkillers for long periods for other painful conditions, such as arthritis and back pain.

What causes painkiller headaches?

Painkiller headaches are usually caused by taking painkillers for too long and not because of exceeding the recommended dose.

“Most people who get medication-overuse headaches aren’t taking more than the recommended dose on the painkiller packet,” says Dr Ahmed.

“The problem begins when you take advantage of the recommended dose to take painkillers for long periods, often for months on end.

“If you take painkillers for your headaches more than twice a week for more than three months, you'll be at very high risk of getting rebound headaches,” says Dr Ahmed.

What happens is that your body gets used to the painkillers.

A rebound headache develops if you don’t take a painkiller within a day or so of the last dose. You assume it’s just another tension headache or migraine and take a further dose of painkiller.

When the effect of the painkiller wears off, another rebound headache develops and the cycle continues.

Some people even start to take painkillers every day to prevent headaches, which only makes matters worse.

Painkillers to avoid

All the common painkillers available from chemists can cause this problem. They include:

• codeine
• paracetamol
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – painkillers such as aspirin and ibuprofen
• a group of specific anti-migraine medicines known as triptans, such as sumatriptan

However, some painkillers are more likely to cause medication-overuse headaches than others.

“Painkillers containing codeine are most likely to lead to overuse headaches,” says Dr Ahmed. His advice to prevent painkiller headaches is:

• Don't take painkillers for headaches on more than two days in each week.
• Don’t take painkillers for headaches for two or more consecutive days.
• Avoid codeine or codeine-containing painkillers such as Syndol and Solpadeine.

Treating painkiller headaches

The treatment for medication-overuse headaches is simple – stop taking painkillers.

According to Dr Ahmed, if you've been dependent on painkillers for months rather than years, the best approach is to stop abruptly.

“Your headaches will probably get worse immediately after stopping, and you may feel sick or sleep badly, but after 7 to 10 days, when the painkillers are out of your system, you'll feel better,” he says.

If you’ve been getting painkiller headaches for several years as a result of taking codeine-containing products, it can be dangerous to stop abruptly. Instead, gradually reduce the number of painkillers you take. This is best done under the supervision of a doctor.

Avoid medicines scams

Every year hundreds of thousands of consumers buy scam miracle cures for conditions such as weight loss, baldness and impotence.

Many of these products are advertised online or via spam emails. They are often a waste of money, and they can also be dangerous.

That's why you should never start a new medicine, or stop a medicine that has been prescribed for you, without speaking to a qualified health professional first, such as your GP or pharmacist.

The risks of buying medicines online

Some websites offer new medicines and treatments with amazing claims about how well they work.

Other websites appear to sell established prescription medicines, which you may recognise or a doctor may have prescribed for you in the past.

But these medicines may not be real. They may be fake medicines that do not contain the same ingredients. Not only will fake medicine not work like the real medicine, it may also harm you.

If you take prescription-only medicines – which only a doctor or health professional should prescribe for you – without first consulting a doctor, you risk taking medicines that are not safe or not right for you.

If you have a health condition and you stop taking a medicine prescribed for you so you can take a new medicine you bought online, your health condition may get worse.

Avoiding fake (counterfeit) medicines

The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is responsible for medicines regulation. Anybody selling medicines online needs to be registered with the MHRA.

Legitimate websites selling medicines in the EU have to display a logo showing a white cross on a green striped background. This should link to the MHRA's list of registered online sellers so you can check the site is properly registered.

Some online pharmacies bear the green cross logo of the General Pharmaceutical Council. This means the pharmacy is registered and should be safe to use.

The MHRA warns counterfeit medicines can contain harmful ingredients, such as rat poison and lead-based road paint. They are often produced by people who have no appropriate qualifications in unhygienic surroundings.

It's rare for fake medicines to be produced in the UK. Most of those discovered in the UK come from Asia, in particular from the Far East.

The most common fake medicines found in the UK are medicines for erectile dysfunction and weight loss.

Get informed about dodgy diet pills sold online.

Heart, cancer, anti-cholesterol medicines, anti-psychotics and antidepressants have also been discovered by the MHRA in the UK.

Reporting counterfeit medicines

If you have any concerns or information that could help the MHRA track down people responsible for fake medicines and devices, you can email them at counterfeit@mhra.gsi.gov.uk, ring their 24-hour hotline on 020 3080 6701, or visit the Yellow Card Scheme website.

Common medicines scams

Thousands of websites offer scam health products for sale online. Beware of websites that:

• promise a "new miracle cure" or "wonder breakthrough" – in reality, their products are probably not tested or proven to work.
• try to convince you with testimonials from previous customers – how do you know these testimonials are genuine? Even if they are genuine, anecdotal evidence like this isn't the same as the scientific evidence genuine medicines are based on.
• offer "no risk" money-back guarantees – try to get your money back, and the scammers will disappear.
• contain endorsements from a doctor or health professional who quotes scientific evidence – look closer, and you'll see these "doctors" are not attached to any known institution or clinical practice, and the "evidence" hasn't been published in a recognised journal.

Medicines the right way

When it comes to medicines, it's best to speak to a qualified health professional first.

Your GP can help with a range of medicines issues, whether you think you may have a health condition and want to know if medicines can help, or you're already taking medicines and have questions about them.

Your local pharmacist can also help with questions about medicines. If you're already taking medicines, they can offer a medicines use review, where they talk through your medicines with you.

Read more about how your pharmacist can help.

Any medicines that have been prescribed or bought over the counter will come with a patient information leaflet. This contains important information about using them safely.

Pharmacy remedies and kidney disease

Some remedies are potentially harmful for people with kidney disease. Make sure you check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking a new over-the-counter medicine.

"People with low levels of kidney function whose kidney disease is advanced have to be the most careful," says consultant renal physician, Professor Donal O'Donoghue.

"Most people with mild to moderate kidney disease who are otherwise healthy can safely take the same over-the-counter remedies as the rest of the population.

"Whatever the stage of your kidney function, however, I'd always recommend talking to your pharmacist or doctor before taking over-the-counter remedies, so you can weigh up the risks and benefits."

According to Professor O'Donoghue, you're at higher risk of being harmed by certain over-the-counter remedies if:

• you become dehydrated (for instance, with diarrhoea and vomiting) or have a feverish illness
• you have advanced kidney disease (stage 4 or 5, or a kidney function below 30% of normal)
• you have mild to moderate kidney disease (stage 3 with a kidney function between 30% and 60% of normal) and are elderly with another serious illness, such as coronary heart disease

Here is a list spelling out which over-the-counter remedies are safe for you to use if you have kidney disease and which you should avoid. This is just a guide. For more detailed information, consult your pharmacist, renal specialist or GP.

Headache remedies

What's safe:

Paracetamol is safe and the best choice of painkiller to treat a headache. However, you should avoid soluble paracetamol products, as they are high in sodium.

What to avoid:

If your kidney function is less than 50%, avoid painkillers containing aspirin, ibuprofen or similar drugs, such as diclofenac, which has recently become available as Voltarol Pain-eze tablets. These products can deteriorate the function of damaged kidneys.

You should also avoid ibuprofen if you're taking anti-rejection treatment after a kidney transplant.

Low-dose aspirin of 75-150 milligrams (mg) a day can be used if it's prescribed for the prevention of vascular disease.

Cough and cold medicines

Many of the products available for coughs and colds contain a mixture of ingredients, so check the packaging carefully.

What's safe:

Any product that contains paracetamol.

What to avoid:

Some cough and cold remedies contain high doses of aspirin, which it's best to avoid.

Many cold remedies also contain decongestants, which you should avoid if you have high blood pressure.

The best way to clear congestion is by steam inhalation with menthol or eucalyptus. For coughs, try a simple linctus or glycerine honey and lemon to soothe your throat.

Muscle and joint pain relievers

What's safe:

If you have muscle or joint pain, it's best to use skin creams and lotions such as Deep Heat, Ralgex and Tiger Balm, which you rub on to the painful area.

What to avoid:

Avoid tablets containing ibuprofen or similar drugs, such as diclofenac, if your kidney function is below 50%.

Ibuleve (ibuprofen-containing) gel or spray is safer than ibuprofen tablets. However, it isn't completely risk-free, as a small amount of the drug penetrates your skin and goes into the bloodstream.

Indigestion remedies

What's safe:

For occasional treatment of indigestion, Gaviscon liquid or tablets are safe, as are Remegel and Rennie tablets, which contain calcium carbonate.

What to avoid:

Don't use Gaviscon Advance to treat indigestion, as it contains potassium. Avoid aluminium- or magnesium-containing medicines, such as Aludrox or Maalox, unless they're prescribed by a renal doctor.

Heartburn remedies

What's safe:

Ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid) and omeprazole (Losec) are safe to use for short-term relief of heartburn.

What to avoid:

Avoid cimetidine (Tagamet) for heartburn, as it can lead to a rise in the blood test for creatinine, making it seem as if your kidney function has worsened.

Hay fever and anti-allergy medicines

What's safe:

Antihistamine tablets, nasal sprays and eye drops, including well-known brands such as Piriton (chlorpheniramine) and Clarityn (loratadine), are safe to take to relieve allergy symptoms. Preparations containing sodium cromoglycate, such as Opticrom Eye Drops, are also safe.

If you use Zirtek (cetirizine) and your kidney function is below 50%, you will need to either reduce the dose you take, take it only every other day, or avoid it altogether. Your doctor or pharmacist can advise you.

Read more about antihistamines.

Multivitamins

What's safe: any vitamin preparation that doesn't contain vitamin A

What to avoid: multivitamins containing vitamin A as they may be toxic. Vitamin A is cleared from the body by the kidney but no one knows at what dose kidney function is reduced.

Effervescent vitamin tablets can contain up to 1 gram (g) of salt per tablet. Switch to a non-effervescent tablet if you've been advised to watch or reduce your salt intake.

Constipation remedies

What's safe:

You can use Senna tablets to treat constipation. If your constipation continues, you should speak to your GP.

What to avoid:

Fybogel only works if you drink a lot, so it's not suitable for people with kidney disease.

Diarrhoea remedies

What’s safe:

You can use liquid Loperamide (Imodium) to treat diarrhoea.

If you have diarrhoea and vomiting and kidney problems, you should see your doctor or pharmacist for advice.

Complementary remedies

What's safe:

Homeopathic medicines are safe for kidney patients.

Read more about homeopathy.

What to avoid:

Avoid herbal medicines if you have kidney disease, because they can raise blood pressure. Some, such as St John's Wort (for low mood), can interact with medicines prescribed for kidney disease. Others, such as echinacea (used as a colds and flu remedy), can directly affect kidney function, so you should get advice from your doctor or pharmacist before using them.

Another problem is that different brands (and even different batches of the same brand) of herbal remedy can vary widely in terms of the amount of active ingredient they contain. This makes it difficult to predict how strong a dose will be.

Read more about how your pharmacist can advise you on over-the-counter medicines and kidney disease.

Out-of-hours medicines

If you run out of your medicines outside normal opening hours and need some urgently, there are a few ways to get an emergency supply quickly, including if you're away from home.

If you already have a prescription and urgently need the medicines, try the following steps:

• If your local pharmacy is closed, use the NHS pharmacy service search to find other nearby pharmacies and their opening hours. Some are open until midnight or even later, even on public holidays.
• If you would prefer to speak to someone first, call NHS 111 free of charge by dialling 111 on your mobile or landline. The person you speak to will also be able to look up an out-of-hours pharmacy or another NHS service in your area.
• You can also use the service search to find your nearest NHS walk-in centre. These can sometimes dispense medicines after a consultation.
• For very urgent cases, you could try calling your GP practice. They should have details of their out-of-hours service recorded on their answering machines. This is the service your GP runs outside their usual opening hours and on public holidays, and should not be used routinely. You can use the NHS GP service finder to find your GP's phone number.
• If it's a real emergency and you've tried all of the above unsuccessfully, use the service search to find your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) unit.

If you need non-prescription medicines such as paracetamol or an antacid and you can't find an open pharmacy, the following places may stock a basic range of over-the-counter medicines. They also often have longer opening hours than high-street pharmacies.

• supermarkets
• newsagents
• petrol stations

If you don't have a prescription

If you run out of prescription medicines and you don't have a prescription with you, you may be able to get an emergency supply from a pharmacy without a prescription. It's a good idea to take your medicine's prescription packaging with you, if you have it.

Pharmacies

You'll be interviewed by the pharmacist to find out:

• whether there is an immediate need for the medicine
• whether you might be able to get a prescription without too much delay
• whether the medicine has been prescribed by a prescriber
• what dose of the medicine would be appropriate for you to take

The pharmacist will need to be assured of all these things before they supply a prescription-only medicine without a prescription in an emergency.

If the pharmacist is not satisfied that the medicine and dose is appropriate for you, they may not supply the medicine.

A charge will be made for the medicines supplied and for the service provided. This may vary between pharmacies.

Find a local pharmacy, including its opening hours.

GPs and walk-in centres

If you run out of medicines while you're away from home, you may be able to have a consultation with a local GP and get a prescription for a limited supply of medicines.

If you're given a prescription, you'll still need to find a pharmacy that's open.

You can also go to an NHS walk-in centre. They may be able to organise a GP consultation. In some cases, they can give you medicine after you've seen a nurse.

Some walk-in centres are open from early morning to late evening seven days a week, 365 days a year.

Tip: If you use prescription medicines, always keep a record of your current prescription medicines, as set out in your usual prescription form.

Minor ailments and common conditions your pharmacy can help with

Every year, millions of us visit our GP with minor health problems that a local pharmacy could help with.

By visiting your pharmacy instead of your GP, you could save yourself time and trouble – no need to book an appointment, just walk in. This also means your GP can focus on treating people who are sicker than you.

Pharmacists can help recognise and treat many common illnesses. They can give advice and where appropriate, recommend over-the-counter medicines that could help clear up the problem.

If they think you need to see a GP for your illness, they will advise you to do that.

Minor ailment scheme

In some parts of the country, there are NHS minor ailment schemes. These allow pharmacies to provide you with medicines for free on the NHS, as well as giving you advice and support about how to care for minor conditions yourself.

The medicines covered by the scheme are different depending on where in England you live, so you will need to talk to your local pharmacy about what they offer.

Anyone who doesn't normally have to pay for prescriptions from their GP – for example because they're under 16, over 60 or on benefits – is eligible for the scheme and will not need to pay for the medicine that the pharmacist suggests.

Find out if you're entitled to free NHS prescriptions.

However, if you do normally pay for your prescriptions, then you will still need to pay a prescription charge for any medicines your pharmacy recommends.

How to access the minor ailment scheme

Not all pharmacies in England are part of the minor ailments scheme so you will first have to check if your local pharmacy is part of the scheme.

You can do this by:

• finding your local pharmacy
• clicking on it for more details
• clicking on the "Departments and services" tab
• looking for "Minor ailment scheme" or "Minor ailment service" listed under "Pharmacy Service (NHS)"

To get your medicines free, you might need to bring proof that you don't normally have to pay prescription charges. Talk to your pharmacist about what you should bring.

Your pharmacy may be able to help with:

• mild skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, impetigo, athlete's foot
• coughs and colds, including blocked nose (nasal congestion), and sore throats
• bruises, sunburn, and minor burns and scalds
• constipation and piles (haemorrhoids)
• hay fever, dry eyes and allergies (including rashes, bites and stings)
• aches and pains, including earache, headache, migraine, back pain and toothache
• vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, diarrhoea and threadworms
• period pain, thrush and cystitis
• head lice (nits)
• conjunctivitis, cold sores and mouth ulcers
• warts and verrucas
• nappy rash and teething

Visiting your pharmacy about common health problems frees up time for GPs and A&E departments, which are already stretched, especially during the winter months.

Making sense of your medicines

To get the best results from your medicines, it's important to use them as they are intended.

Read a pharmacist’s answers to common questions about medicines

You need to:

• Take the right amount of medicine at the right times, in the right way and for the right number of days.
• Get advice from your pharmacist or GP if you are having any side effects that bother you.
• See whether your medicines are making you feel better or worse. If you're worried, tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible.
• For medicines you have to take regularly, make sure you always have enough, especially at weekends, public holidays and when you're on holiday.

Always use medicines according to the instructions on the label on the packet, or as your doctor or pharmacist has advised you.

Read the patient information leaflet provided with the medicine, as it may answer some of the questions you have.

If you are concerned about anything in the leaflet, talk to your pharmacist. The doctor may have prescribed a medicine for a condition that is not listed in the leaflet.

If your medicines aren't used in the right way, you may not get the best out of them and they may even make you feel worse. Don't use them after their expiry dates, and never use other people's prescription medicines.

If you're ever unsure about how to use a medicine or you would like to ask a question about it, you can ask your local pharmacist. You don't need to book an appointment.

Find out more about how your local pharmacist can help you.

What to tell your doctor before they write your prescription

• List any other medicines and pills you are taking or have taken, even those bought over the counter, including vitamins and supplements. Write them down before your appointment or bring the packaging with you to your appointment.
• Give details of your symptoms, including when they started and what makes them better or worse.
• Tell them if you have any allergies or intolerances, such as lactose intolerance.
• Say whether you would prefer the medicine in liquid or tablet form – for example, if you have problems swallowing pills.
• Let your doctor know if you are thinking about stopping a medicine, or you're not taking a medicine you have been prescribed or not taking it as instructed.
• If you're unsure about how to use your medicine, ask. For example, some people find asthma inhalers difficult to use.
• Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you can't take your medicine because, for example, you can't open the child-proof packaging or it's difficult for you to take it at the same time each day.
• Say if you are worried or concerned about any side effects you may be experiencing.

Shared decision making (SDM) is the conversation that happens between you and your doctor so you can reach a decision about your treatment together.

As part of this conversation, your doctor may suggest using a patient decision aid with you. This is a tool designed to help you weigh up the risks and benefits of different treatments, depending on your health, lifestyle and preferences.

See more about shared decision making.

Self-management plans explained

If you have a long-term condition, your doctor may suggest using a self-management plan. The plan normally covers every aspect of your medicines, including what they are for, when to take them, when to get advice, and what important side effects to look out for.

If you are not happy about using a self-management plan once the details have been explained to you, you can say so. Just explain why you're not able or don't want to use it.

What to ask about your medicines

This is a list of things you may want to ask your doctor before they prescribe a medicine for you. A pharmacist or other health professional may also be able to answer these questions. You may like to print these out and take them with you for your appointment.

• How often should my medicines be reviewed?
• Who sees the information about what medicines I'm taking?
• Will the information about my medicines be kept confidential?
• What are the benefits of using a self-management plan?
• Can you tell me more about using a patient decision aid?
• How do I report a side effect that is really worrying me, or a bad reaction to a medicine?
• What do I do if I think I no longer need a medicine?
• Who do I speak to if I want to stop taking a medicine?
• What do I do if I think a mistake has been made with my medicines?

What to ask your pharmacist about new medicines

• Check whether you can continue to use over-the-counter medicines, such as painkillers or indigestion tablets. In some cases, these can affect your prescribed medicines.
• Check how the medicine should be stored and for how long. For example, some liquid medicines need to be kept in the fridge.
• If you have difficulty remembering when to take your medicines, ask your pharmacist to write you a daily timetable.
• Check how and when the medicine should be taken – for example, whether it should be taken at the same time, before or after meals, and whether certain foods affect the medicine.

If you are prescribed a medicine for a long-term condition for the first time, you may be able to get extra help from your pharmacist through the New Medicine Service.

Common questions about medicines

Pharmacist Sunita Behl answers some frequently asked questions about medicines you might have at home.

Are there any differences between brand-name medicines and their generic equivalents? For example, between Nurofen and ibuprofen?

"There's absolutely no difference in the active ingredients. The ibuprofen in a brand-name medicine is the same as the ibuprofen in a non-branded one. If you're not sure about what's in a brand-name medicine, read the active ingredients, which will be listed on the packaging. You can always ask your pharmacist for help."

I'm not sure about giving medicine to my children. Can you help?

"Always ask the advice of a pharmacist if you are unsure about how to use medicines for your children. This is really important. If children are given the wrong medicine or the wrong amount, this is likely to affect them more than adults.

"Always get the advice of a pharmacist or doctor about which medicine is most suitable for your child. The amount of active ingredients they contain is specific to a child's body, weight and age. Children may also find it easier to take medicine in a liquid form, but always ask your child what they would prefer.

"You can get some liquid medicines in individual sachets. These can be useful for when you're out and about.

"With my own young children, I use an oral syringe to give them liquid medicines. You can accurately measure out smaller doses, and it's easy to get the medicine into their mouth without spilling any.

"Do read the leaflet when using an oral syringe. If the medicine is squirted too quickly, it can make children cough and splutter, and they may not get the right amount.

"Never give a child aspirin because it may contribute to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal childhood condition."

See more about medicines for children.

I have trouble opening child-proof containers. Can I get my medicines in other containers?

"Some types of packaging can be difficult to open. Your pharmacist may be able to dispense your medicines in different containers. Ask them what they can offer. Child safety is the biggest concern, so always store medicines in a place where children can't see them or get at them."

Where should I store medicines?

"The bathroom cabinet is one of the worst places to keep medicines because it can be warm and damp. Medicines should always be kept in a cool, dark place because exposure to heat and light can result in them not working as they should. The best place is a lockable cabinet out of the sight and reach of children, away from heat and moisture.

"Some medicines need to be kept in the fridge. If this is the case, it will be written on the packet or instruction leaflet. Again, keep these out of the sight and reach of children, perhaps at the back of the fridge.

"It's best to keep medicines in their original packaging, with the instruction leaflet still inside the packet. Be aware that medicines, like food, have an expiry date. Never take a medicine after it has expired."

Is it possible to get medicine labels and instructions in large print for older people or the visually impaired?

"Your pharmacist may be able to put large-print labels on the medicine if you ask. You can always ask them to talk you through the instructions as well."

I feel my medicines aren't working for me. Who can I speak to?

"If you have any concerns about your medicines, speak to your pharmacist first. If they can't help or they think that you need to see your doctor, they will advise you to do that. There's no need to make an appointment to see your pharmacist, and they may be available in the evenings and at weekends.

"Pharmacists are experts who are qualified to give advice on the safe use of medicines. Your pharmacist may suggest a medication review or medicines use review (MUR), which is a detailed review of all the medicines you are taking, whether prescribed or bought over the counter. The feedback is sent to your GP, who can then take any necessary action."

If I complete a course of medicines and have some left over, what should I do with them?

"Never throw unused or expired medicines in the rubbish bin or flush them down the toilet. Children could take the medicine from the bin, and medicines that have been flushed down a toilet could end up in the drinking water system or harm the environment. Take unwanted medicines to a pharmacy, where they can be disposed of safely."

Find more common medicines questions and answers.