Gout - Causes 

Causes of gout 

Gout is caused by small crystals forming in the joints, resulting in severe pain, tenderness and swelling.

These crystals can grow when a waste product called uric acid starts to build up to high levels in the body.

Uric acid

Uric acid is created when the body breaks down chemicals known as purines.

If your kidneys don't filter out enough uric acid, or your body is producing unusually high levels of it, it can build up in the body and turn into microscopic crystals.

These crystals usually form in and around the joints, possibly because the temperature in these areas is slightly lower than the rest of the body. If they get into the space between joints, the crystals can cause painful inflammation (redness and swelling).

What can increase your risk?

A high level of uric acid in the blood is the main factor that increases your risk of developing gout. However, it's still uncertain why some people with a high level of uric acid in the blood develop gout, while others with an equally high level don't.

Other factors that may increase your risk of developing gout are outlined below.

Medical conditions

Some underlying medical conditions can increase your risk of developing gout, including:

• high blood pressure
• diabetes
• kidney disease
• high levels of fat and cholesterol in your blood
• obesity
• metabolic syndrome (a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity)
• psoriasis (a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales)
• osteoarthritis

Medication

Certain medications can increase your uric acid levels and your risk of developing gout. These include:

• diuretics (water tablets) – used to treat high blood pressure or an abnormal build-up of fluid in your body
• certain medicines used to treat high blood pressure – including beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors
• low-dose aspirin – used to reduce the risk of blood clots
• niacin – used to treat high cholesterol
• ciclosporin – used to treat conditions such as psoriasis
• some chemotherapy medicines

Diet

Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purines. Eating foods that contain a high level of purines can increase your risk of gout.

Foods naturally high in purines include:

• red meat – such as beef, lamb and pork
• seafood – especially shellfish and oily fish
• offal – such as liver, kidneys and heart

Alcohol

Alcoholic drinks can raise the level of uric acid in the blood.

Beer, fortified wines like port, and spirits do this more than wine. Moderate consumption of wine – one or two glasses a day – shouldn't significantly increase your risk of gout.

Sugary drinks

Certain sugary drinks may also increase your risk of gout.

Some research has found that drinking sugar-sweetened soft drinks and drinks with high levels of fructose (a naturally occurring sugar found in many fruits) had an increased risk of gout.

Family history

Studies have shown that gout often runs in families. Around one in five people with gout have a close family member with the condition.